Structure of Predication and Structure of Coordination

Structure of predication several of SUBJECT and PREDICATE.

A.    Subject

 Which often be Subject is Noun or Structure of Modification with Noun as Head.

Example;         Money talks

                        (Noun)

                        The weather has changed

                        (Noun)

Parts of speech beside Noun and also Structure of Modification to Head beside noun sometimes also can be subject.

Example;         Handsome is as handsome does

                        (Adjective)

                        Now is too soon

                        (Adverb)

                        Working there is pleasant

                        (Verb)

The other Structure sometimes can be subject;

Example;         To south America is a long trip

                        (Prepositional Phrase)

                        To make a good living takes hard work.

                        (Structure of Complementation)

                        Food and drink can be had here

                        (Structure of coordination)

                        That he did it all has not been proved

                        (Structure of predication)

When the subject organized pronoun, the form is sub-case, I, we, she, they, it.

Example; He called me in

In certain statement, pronoun which can be Subject can to form Objective.

Example; I asked him to call

                        (Subject)

Subject can be also after verb in sentence which uses there to explain “any….”

Example;         There are five children in this family

                        There was a test yesterday     

Subject can also don’t have mean as Subject in the general. Usually to do by;

Example;         It is hot today

                        It is Sunday

Subject it can be also to change subject which move behind verb.

Example;         It is good to stay here

                                    (Subject)

                        It is hard to get

                                    (Subject)

B.     Predicate

Predicate always consist of verb;

Example; Money talks

In the structure of modification verb can be also as head.

Example;         The sun sets in the west

Verb which can be the first section from predicate can be analysis from person, tense, phrase, aspect, mode, voice and status:

a.      Person

Exception use a modal (can, shall, will, must). Verbs always can be grouped to common or third singular. Third singular verbs have subject third singular person. Common verb can’t be subject third singular person.

Example;         Third singular verbs

                  The man walks

                  He feels …

                  Common verbs

                  The dogs bark

                  I come

b. Tense

All verbs, except uses modals, have two tenses. Common (present) tense and past (preterit) tense. Past tense is marked {-ed1} whereas common tense formed base or base + {-s}

Example;         past tense

                        We talked

                        They slept here

c.       Phrase

All verbs, except use modals, have two phrases, simple and perfect. Perfect phrase is marked by have/has/had + V + {-ed2}

Example;         He has spoken

                  We may have been …

The other had form resultative phrase where is marked by be + V + {-ed2}

Example;         He is gone

                        They are finished

Look at the different of perfect and resultative in the sentence example;

Example;         I have done my homework (saya sudah menyelesaikan …)

                        I am done now (saya sudah selesai)

d.   Aspect

Verbs have three aspects; simple, durative, and inchoative. Durative is marked by be + V {-ing 1}

Inchoative is marked by V {-ing 1}. Simple is no mark.

Example;         Durative

                        He is talking

                        She was swimming

                        Inchoative

                        We got talking

                        Let’s get going

e.       Mode

Verb in English have kinds of models. Models divide by two (1) modal auxiliaries and followed base verb. And (2) other auxiliaries and followed infinitive to + base verb. Modal auxiliaries include can, may, shall, will, must, dare, need, do. Other auxiliaries include have, be, be going to, be about, used, ought, have, got.

Example;         Modal Auxiliaries

                        He can go

                        We might see

                        Other Auxiliaries

                        They have to go

                        We are to see

Some auxiliaries can be grouped into certain sequence;

Example;         He would have to work

                        He could be about to work

But is no combination like this;

Example:         He has to can work

                        He is going to must work 

f.       Voice

Verb in English can be form active voice or passive voice. Passive voice consist of be + V+ {-ed2}. Can be also be is change get into certain sentence.

Example;         Active

                        He kills

                        They built a house

be- Passive/get-Passive

                        He is killed/He gets killed

                        The house was built/The house got built

Form be-Passive often trouble with form be + complement which form past participle.

Example;

            The house was built by experts

            Be + Complement: The house was built of wood

g.      Status

Verb in English choose four statuses: affirmative, interrogative, negative and negative-interrogative.

1.      Interrogative Status

Interrogative status is marked with change word sequence (word order), that is reversing subject place and auxiliary. To verb which don’t have auxiliary, is used help word do/does/did to form interrogative except verb be just only can be moved before object.

Example;         INVERTED FORMS/do-FORMS

                        Is he working?/Does he work?

                        Has he worked?/Did he work?

2.      Negative Status

Negative status is marked by word not where is mean after first auxiliary.

Example;         He is not working

                        He has not worked

Word of not is also separate verb from auxiliary. Verb work is separate from auxiliary does by not.

3.      Negative-Interrogative Status

Status negative interrogative are combination between negative and interrogative. Word not can be shorted n’t and any before subject or decide not after subject. Form of not after this verb more formal.

Example;         Isn’t he working?

                        Is he not working?

                        Hasn’t (Doesn’t he have) any money?

                        Has he not (Does he not have) any money

In uses seven qualities that each sentence verb can analyzed to be equivalent in the other.

Structure of Coordination

Structure of Coordination several of two or more unit which equivalent in syntax of manner is related by word of connects (coordination) and form of one of structure unit. Unit can be attributable to part of speech, function, word or structure. Coordination in contact with structure unit of coordination is;

And                 rather than                   not (only)…                but (also)…

But                  as well as                     either… or …

Nor                  together with               neither … nor …

Or                    along with                   both … and

More other problems appear in structure of coordination is that a unit be disappeared, because have been called by before unit. This form is called Elliptical structure of coordination.

Example:

1. I like fresh fish no salted.
2. He told John to come at ten and Bill at noon.

In example (a) word of fish must be appear after salted is not visible. In example (b) word of to come must be appear after Bill and before at noon is not visible. To analysis with Chinese boxes, form of this elliptic is with word appearing back is not visible.

The variation from connector is correlative form, which is several of more from a word and separated.

Example;

Not (only) … but (also)

Either … or

Neither … nor

Sometimes connector either… or neither … nor be repeated until to produce structure of long coordination.

Example;

Neither joy, nor love, nor light,

Nor certitude, nor peace,

Nor help, nor pain

The structure of long coordination is called correlative series.

*Summary:

1.   Structure of coordination several of two or more parallel unit of form the syntax and be related by word of connector.

2.   Coordination can be several from two or more and is called correlatives.

3.    In correlatives coordinator, the first section appear in beginning and the second in the central or in the finally structure.

4.   If be find section from structure which is disappeared because avoid of repeating. So, this structure is called elliptical structure of coordination.

5.   Correlative can be repeated to one series structure of  long coordination.